U.S. Public Says Political Leaders Need an Upgrade
Oct 27th, 2008 • Posted in: Statline
For more information, see this week’s Research Report.

For more information, see this week’s Research Report.
by Rushworth M. Kidder
Where does wealth go when it evaporates?
That question might have sounded merely academic 10 days ago. No longer. In this brief period, the current economic crisis has morphed into something new.
In early October, the crisis was discussed largely in the language of numbers and trends. The conversation was carried on by an earnest coterie of financial experts, with the public looking on.
Now it’s increasingly a conversation about values and identity. It’s being carried on in the public square by individuals from all walks of life, with experts looking on and wondering how to contribute.
The earlier conversation asked what was happening, how the downturn would affect us, and when it was going to change. Today’s conversation is more likely to ask who we are, why we believe what we do, and what’s right. The discourse is shifting from money to metaphysics, from finance to philosophy, from economics to ethics.
That much is clear from looking at two archetypal appearances last week. The first was a two-page newspaper ad from the John Templeton Foundation in the New York Times on Sunday, October 19. (Full disclosure: The Institute for Global Ethics has received grants for work on character education from the John Templeton Foundation.) The ad featured essays by 13 distinguished scholars and public figures from various political and economic perspectives, ranging from former world chess champion Garry Kasparov and French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy to former Pennsylvania senator Rick Santorum and former Labor secretary Robert B. Reich. The question they addressed was, “Does the free market corrode moral character?”
Even without reading the essays, you can see that this ad stands as a telling artifact of our age. Get serious about big moral issues, it seems to proclaim. The question of the hour is not just about economics. It’s about the potential for markets to corrupt integrity. Had this ad appeared three months ago, I suspect it would have been met politely but dismissively. Instead, it suddenly is asking the questions on everyone’s lips: Has capitalism failed? Has trust been shattered? Is our financial culture in moral default?
The second archetypal appearance last week — by former Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan, speaking to the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform — was equally stunning. Although focused on economics, the conversation broadened into the philosophical and personal when Greenspan admitted that he was “shocked” to realize that his free-market ideology had been proved wrong.
“I made a mistake,” he told the October 23 hearing, “in presuming that the self-interests of organizations … were best capable of protecting their own shareholders and their equity in the firms.” He noted, too, that the “whole intellectual edifice” of risk management had “collapsed” in the summer of 2007. Translated into lay language, Greenspan’s mistake lay in believing that players in financial markets, left to their own devices, would self-regulate simply because it would be profitable to do so. Instead, self-regulation failed — and wealth simply evaporated.
But where did it go? Shakespeare raised a similar question about drama: Where do plays go when the curtain falls? In The Tempest, Prospero, the one-time duke of Milan, finishes watching a play-within-the-play and announces that “our revels now are ended.” The actors themselves, he notes, have “melted into air, into thin air.” The stage-set they once inhabited — “The cloud-capp’d towers, the gorgeous palaces, / The solemn temples, the great globe itself” — shall, he says, “dissolve” and “leave not rack behind.” Summing up all that’s left, he describes it as “the baseless fabric of this vision” and “this insubstantial pageant faded.”
What’s become of the wealth that seemed on paper to be so great? Is it, like Prospero’s revels, little more than the “baseless fabric” of a vision we mistook for reality? Has this last decade been but an “insubstantial pageant” that, once full of gorgeous glitter, has now faded? And if it has left “not a rack behind,” where did it all go — and can it come back?
These are not unanswerable questions. But they’ll only be resolved by addressing the big philosophical issues that finally have broken through into public thought. If free enterprise corrodes moral character, how can we construct a corrosion-proof culture of integrity? And if the “whole intellectual edifice” of modern financial instruments is, in the Bard’s words, “baseless” and “insubstantial,” how do we rebuild it on a responsible, fair, and honest footing?
These questions are about ethics, not economics. At last we’re giving them heed.
©2008 Institute for Global Ethics
Questions or comments? Write to newsline@globalethics.org.
“Put this down: That will never happen — ever, okay? I am not stepping down. I’m going to run through, and I’m going to win this election.”
– Sen. Ted Stevens of Alaska, speaking before his trial on corruption charges. Stevens, the Senate’s longest-serving Republican, was convicted on Monday on all seven counts of corruption related to favors and freebies given during a $160,000 home renovation, and now faces up to 35 years in prison. While the Senate has no rules barring felons from its ranks, Stevens, who currently is running for reelection, could be expelled by a two-thirds vote, notes the Associated Press.
Source: AP, Oct. 27.
For more information, see: Washington Post, Oct. 27 — Related Newsline Commentary, Aug. 4 — Related Newsline story, Aug. 4 — Related Newsline story, Aug. 20, 2007.
In related news, many worry that the global economic implosion will hit the poorest people the hardest
VARIOUS DATELINES
The ethical aftereffects of the economic crisis were featured in several world-press reports last week. Among them:
Sources: RTTNews.com, Oct. 25 — New York Times, Oct. 24 — BBC, Oct. 24 — Guardian, Oct. 24.
For more information, see: Related Newsline Commentary, Oct. 20 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 20 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 14 — Related Newsline Commentary, Oct. 6 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 6.
U.S. attack ads fly, with varying degrees of fraudulence, according to press analysis; in Canada, one pollster blames negative advertising for low turnout in recent election
WASHINGTON and VANCOUVER
Ethics and election advertising in the United States and Canada were the focus of several stories last week. Among the coverage:
Sources: Washington Post, Oct. 24 — U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 24 — Vancouver Sun, Oct. 24.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, Oct. 20 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 20 — Related Newsline Commentary, Oct. 14 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 14 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 6.
Surveyed physicians say the practice is ethically acceptable, though many are uncomfortable with “benevolent deception”
NEW YORK
About half of U.S. doctors surveyed admitted that they regularly give patients placebos such as vitamins, sedatives, or even antibiotics, even though they don’t expect those treatments to help the patient’s underlying problem and do not so inform the patient.
In a survey of 679 internists and rheumatologists, researchers from the National Institutes of Health found that 62 percent believe that giving a placebo without the patient’s knowledge is ethically sound, according to a report from ABC News.
One researcher involved in the survey, Dr. Jon Tiburt, told WebMD that he does not think doctors “have anything but the patients’ best interest in mind when they give a placebo prescription…. They are thinking about both the physical and psychological well-being of the patient.”
While some studies purport that placebos do in fact work for conditions such as depression or high blood pressure — harnessing the power of the mind to heal the body — the problem is that the patient must be unaware of the deception. As a report from Discover Magazine notes, even though it is a “benevolent deception,” it is enough to make some doctors uncomfortable.
The Canadian Press quotes Arthur Schafer, director of the Center for Professional and Applied Ethics at the University of Manitoba, as saying the practice of prescribing placebos is “deeply unethical. Expensive, dangerous, deceptive, and wrong. It’s bad medicine.”
A co-author of the study, Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel, said he was surprised by the high rate of placebo prescription and said that in some cases the practice can actually be harmful, such as when doctors prescribe unnecessary antibiotics, which he says has fueled the increase in so-called superbugs, which are resistant to treatment.
“In that particular case, it actually puts all of us at risk,” Emanuel told the Canadian Press. “That ought to be roundly condemned.”
Sources: WebMD, Oct.24 — Discover Magazine, Oct. 24 — ABC News, Oct. 24 — Canadian Press, Oct. 23.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, Sep. 29 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 22 — Related Newsline story, Aug. 25 — Related Newsline Commentary, July 28 — Related Newsline story, July 14.
Hu Jia has been imprisoned by China for “subversion of state power”; China displeased that award is given to a “criminal”
BEIJING
Chinese dissident Hu Jia was honored by the European Parliament last week — a move that immediately infuriated Chinese leaders, who complained the award was being bestowed on a convicted criminal.
Hu was given the Sakharov Prize, which honors achievement in human rights activism and commemorates the late Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov.
According to the Los Angeles Times, Hu was most recently noted for documenting Beijing’s pre-Olympic crackdown on dissent and disseminating the information widely on the Web.
He also reported on environmental degradation and the plight of HIV sufferers in China, according to UPI.
In April he was sentenced to three-and-a-half years in jail.
Spokesmen for the Chinese government dismissed the human rights award as an attempt to meddle in the country’s internal affairs, and expressed “strong dissatisfaction” for honoring a “criminal convicted of inciting subversion of state power,” Bloomberg reports.
Washington last week called on Beijing to free Hu.
State Department spokesman Gordon Duguid, quoted in a report from the Agence France-Presse, said he hopes that “the recognition the European Parliament has given Hu Jia … will demonstrate to China’s leaders the enormous esteem the international community holds for his important work as a human rights defender and that China will release him immediately.”
Sources: Los Angeles Times, Oct. 25 — UPI, Oct. 24 — Bloomberg, Oct. 24 — AFP, Oct. 23.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, Oct. 20 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 14 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 29 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 22 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 15.
In aftermath of several scandals involving dangerous Chinese products, the giant retailer plans more accountability, stricter enforcement of environmental standards
BEIJING
Wal-Mart says it will hold its Chinese suppliers to stricter environmental and social standards, and will take away business if they don’t comply.
“Meeting social and environmental standards is not optional,” Wal-Mart CEO Lee Scott told a gathering of more than 1,000 suppliers in Beijing, according to a report from the Financial Times.
“A company that cheats on overtime and on the age of its labor, that dumps its scraps and its chemicals in our rivers, that does not pay its taxes or honor its contracts will ultimately cheat on the quality of its products,” he said.
According to a report from Forbes, one of the first steps in Wal-Mart’s plan will be to implement a supplier agreement that will require factories to certify that they comply with local laws and regulations.
Additional standards relating to the environment and energy efficiency will be implement later.
The news was not especially welcome in China, reports the Wall Street Journal, because it comes at the confluence of increasing raw-material costs and softening global demand for Chinese goods.
BusinessWeek’s Dexter Roberts, in an analysis, reports than Wal-Mart “has good reason to show it is cracking down on wayward Chinese suppliers. The country has been rocked by a series of scandals involving dangerous toys, drugs, and food. Following news last month of the hospitalization of tens of thousands of children sickened by milk tainted with an industrial chemical, governments have been banning imports of Chinese products.”
Sources: BusinessWeek, Oct. 24 — Financial Times, Oct. 24 — Forbes, Oct. 22 — Wall Street Journal, Oct. 22.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, Apr. 21 — Related Newsline story, Jan. 28 — Related Newsline story, May 29, 2007 — Related Newsline story, Apr. 2, 2007 — Related Newsline story, Aug. 21, 2006.
Venues range from United Nations to courtrooms in Asia, South Africa, and United States
VARIOUS DATELINES
Allegations of graft figured in several stories from the international media last week. Among the coverage:
Sources: Bangkok Post, Oct. 25 — Washington Post, Oct. 24 — Miami Herald, Oct 24 — International Herald Tribune, Oct. 24 — Jurist, Oct. 24 — Reuters, Oct. 24 — Voice of America, Oct. 24 — AP, Oct. 24 — Xinhua, Oct. 19.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, Oct. 20 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 20 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 6 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 29 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 8.
With one out of five people in Japan over age 65, network of help agencies assist with transportation, chores, and companionship
NAGAREYAMA, Japan
The Christian Science Monitor reports that retired men in Japan, who often find that life after retirement is short on meaningful activity, are enlisting in a new venture: acting as caregivers for other retirees.
The Monitor’s Amelia Newcomb writes: “As of March 2008, almost 22 percent of the population [in Japan] was over age 65, a figure that is expected to double by 2050…. More than 36,000 Japanese were born a century ago, and 13 million are over 75. Meanwhile, a plunging birthrate is eating away at traditional labor ranks.”
Japan’s government has responded by passing a law supporting nonprofits that provide social support for the elderly. In addition, new health insurance regulations provide reimbursement for certain programs aiding retirees.
Volunteers in various programs assist with such chores as taking the elderly to doctor and hospital appointments, gardening, housekeeping, and household repairs.
At the same time, Newcomb notes, “much of the focus is simply on having a good time,” as the program often engages the elderly in social activities.
Kohei Yoneyama, a retired venture capitalist who now runs one of the agencies and recruits recently retired executives, tells the Monitor: “I try to transform a company man into a community person…. Get rid of job titles. Get rid of your business cards. Don’t long for your old train pass. Let go of the old and become a new person.”
Source: Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 24.
Amidst robo-calls and negative ads, poll finds widespread distrust of politicians
From Harris Interactive:
“Regardless of the candidate they support, most people agree on the need for more honest and moral leaders. This desire is shared not only by most adult Americans, but also by most teenagers.
“…This Harris Poll finds:
“The study also found that there is some mixed feelings on whether elections will be fair in their state….
“According to Regina Corso, Director of The Harris Poll, ‘At the moment, we have the lowest ever number of people who say the country is going in the right direction and near, or at, record low approval ratings for many politicians. Many people are angry and expect more from their politicians — better moral leadership. There is hope that a new administration will provide leadership that has a strong moral element….’
“According to Peter Shafer, Vice President of the Harris Interactive Youth Center of Excellence, ‘The conventional wisdom in every Presidential election is that since younger voters don’t show up at the polls, why should candidates bother addressing the issues that are relevant to them? If these attitudes exist then it’s no wonder that the youth turnout is so low. Politicians need to remember that today’s youth are watching and are tomorrow’s voters. And, they need to be shown that there truly are good, honest and dedicated people in Washington, DC, contrary to what they may see and hear in the media.’…”
For the full press release, Oct. 27, click here.
“Do not hold the delusion that your advancement is accomplished by crushing others.”
– Cicero (Roman statesman, orator, and author, 106-43 B.C.)

For more information, see this week’s Research Report.
by Rushworth M. Kidder
Okay, enough hand-wringing. It’s time for a solution-oriented approach to the current economic crisis. To get there, we need to ask three questions.
First, what caused it? We may never fully know. Some probable causes are easy to understand, like Wall Street excesses, regulatory inattention, and unscrupulous mortgage lending. Others are nearly incomprehensible, like derivatives, collateralized debt obligations, and credit default swaps. Still others are too amorphous for words — ghostly fears, leaping like pale sparks from market to market, spooking investors, and scorching trust.
But running like an obbligato beneath them all is the persistent murmur of a single word: unethical. There’s a feeling in the air that what’s happened has been not simply illegal but profoundly immoral. There’s a sense that core decencies have been demolished, integrity dissolved, and common values trampled upon to an unprecedented degree.
Second, who’s to blame? Not just the leaders. There’s a growing recognition that entire organizations, not just their top executives, can go off the rails. Like individuals, corporations can develop wholesale cultures of greed, fraud, and deceit. Regulatory agencies and congressional committees, too, can slide into irresponsibility, blame shifting, and turf wars. Sure, we take grim satisfaction in seeing top executives nailed for turpitude, but our intuitions tell us that the problem is bigger than that. In some organizations, the culture itself is so toxic that few employees dare call attention to misconduct — and is so deaf that whenever anyone does speak up, nobody listens.
Third, what can be done? In the coming months, the media will gorge on scandalous tales of malfeasance, as CNN already is doing in a listing titled, “Ten Most Wanted: Culprits of the Collapse.” Useful? Sure, if the fault lies in individuals. But if we’re going to shift from suspicions to solutions, we need to look at organizational cultures. We need to know not just what makes bad ones worse, but what makes good ones better. We need, in other words, the “Ten Most Wanted” characteristics of cultures of integrity — what they are, what they do, and how to build them.
So here’s a start. Based on years of research at our Institute, we think cultures of integrity arise when organizations do the following:
If every organization in the world approximated these characteristics enough to warrant the “culture of integrity” label, we’d be left with only one question: How could a financial crisis like the one we’re in ever happen again? If we want the answer to be, It couldn’t, we need to solve today’s problems in ways that ensure such crises never recur. How? By deliberately building cultures of integrity across business and government. Nobody said that’s easy, but nothing less will do.
©2008 Institute for Global Ethics
Questions or comments? Write to newsline@globalethics.org.
Last week’s commentary by Rushworth Kidder, examining the ethical obligation to correct others’ lies, drew a number of comments from readers. One wrote: “To me, the insidious nature of the lie that is unchallenged is doubly corrosive. There is the lie itself, which is destructive of the public’s right to know and ability to make judgments, and then there is the silence of the individual, which eats at the character of the one who is silent.” Another conjectured that the incident cited in the commentary was typical of the modern “good cop/bad cop” political team tactic, where “the silence or subtle inference can be more than an ethical question mark. This is a coordinated approach with lieutenants lying as the leader(s) retain plausible deniability.”
– Compiled by Ethics Newsline® editor Carl Hausman
“There’s no question that the department has been stretched thin when it comes to resources generally, and that has affected white-collar enforcement in a variety of areas.”
– Former U.S. deputy attorney general Paul McNulty, speaking to the New York Times in a piece examining the FBI’s current dearth of funding and staffing to prosecute white-collar crimes amidst financial fraud in the current economic collapse. The Times notes that “more than 1,800 agents, or nearly one-third of all agents in criminal programs,” were shifted to national security duties in the wake of 9/11, leaving the white-collar crime division undermanned. Even as FBI officials realized in 2003 and 2004 that trouble was brewing in the financial sector, the agency’s requests for more staffing and funding were largely spurned. “From 2001 to 2007, the FBI sought an increase of more than 1,100 agents for criminal investigations apart from national security. Instead, it suffered a decrease of 132 agents,” reports the Times. Over those same years, the FBI requested an increase of $800 million in funding for criminal investigations; it received one-sixteenth of that, notes the report.
Source: New York Times, Oct. 18.
Probe reportedly is examining whether execs made misleading statements about health of company, which collapsed in the wake of the subprime lending debacle; in related news, AIG says it will cancel many events after being caught sponsoring lavish getaways — even as the firm drew billions in government rescue funds
NEW YORK
Lehman Brothers, one of the investment banks at the heart of one of the biggest financial-ethics stories in recent history, is the subject of at least three federal criminal investigations, according to press reports last week.
Richard Fuld, Jr., Lehman’s former chairman and CEO, and Erin Callan, its former CFO, have been subpoenaed in the case, reports the Washington Post, citing unidentified sources.
Spokesmen for prosecutors and Lehman declined comment and lawyers for Fuld and Callan did not immediately respond to the Post story.
The Post says three grand juries are investigating the collapse of Lehman Brothers, which in September filed the largest bankruptcy claim in U.S. history.
The Dow Jones News Service reports that the probes appear to center on whether Lehman executives made false statements about the fiscal health of the firm shortly before its downfall.
In related news, American International Group (AIG), another casualty of the world financial crisis brought on by the collapse of mortgage-backed securities, last week agreed to cut back on spending for junkets, executive perks, and compensation for high-ranking employees, CNN reports.
AIG, which tapped into more than $120 billion in government aid after it could not cover losses on insurance-like products that it offered to investors, drew fire from Congress after it was discovered that even as it was drawing on a taxpayers’ rescue funds, it was holding events at lavish resorts, according to CNN.
Following the revelations, AIG said it would immediately cancel more than 160 planned events, including a $750,000 conference in Las Vegas, according to ABC News.
Sources: Washington Post, Oct. 18 — Dow Jones News Service, Oct. 18 — ABC News, Oct. 16 — CNN, Oct. 16.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, Oct. 14 — Related Newsline Commentary, Oct. 6 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 6 — Related Newsline Commentary, Sep. 29 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 29.
Palin is subject of second ethics probe in Alaska; Obama is pressed on his association with group alleged to have engaged in voter fraud; in rare move, Florida paper retracts its endorsement after congressman is linked to scandal
VARIOUS DATELINES
Several stories specifically related to claims and counterclaims about ethical issues were part of the political news last week. Among them:
Sources: MSNBC, Oct. 17 — Hill, Oct. 17 — Slate, Oct. 16 — Palm Beach Post, Oct. 16 — AP, Oct. 16 — Bloomberg, Oct. 16 — Washington Post, Oct. 14 — Slate, Oct. 10.
For more information, see: Related Newsline Commentary, Oct. 14 — Related Newsline story, Oct. 14 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 29 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 22 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 15 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 15 — ACORN statement, Oct. 13.
Critics condemned the practice, which gave admitted students financial rewards for increasing their score, as a blatant attempt to game the system and boost the university’s rating in guidebooks
WACO, Tex.
Baylor University, in the words of the New York Times editorial-writers’ blog, was caught “red faced — and red handed” after it was revealed that the Baptist university was paying incoming freshmen to retake the SATs, the most widely used college admission test.
Times editorial writer Brent Staples reports: “Administrators claimed that they were merely giving admitted students a chance to burnish their records and win so-called merit scholarships. But it seems more likely that Baylor’s marketing team was trying to drive up the school’s test scores — and move it up in college rankings, like the ones issued by U.S. News & World Report.”
For its part, U.S. News & World Report condemned the program, saying there is “no academic value in asking students already enrolled at the university to retake a college admissions test. U.S. News disapproves of any educational policy that’s designed solely to manipulate data to boost a school’s ranking.”
High-school students can routinely elect to retake the SAT, but according to education journal Inside Higher Ed, Baylor appeared to be the only institution offering a financial incentive to do so.
Baylor University’s student newspaper, the Lariat, which U.S. News & World Report credits with breaking the story, followed up late last week, reporting that Baylor officials now admit they “goofed” and will no longer offer incentives to retesters.
The Lariat reports that Baylor gave $300 in bookstore credit to incoming freshmen who retook the SAT. If the students scored 50 points or more higher, they received an additional $1,000 per year in scholarship money.
Sources: New York Times, Oct. 17 — Inside Higher Ed, Oct. 17 — U.S. News & World Report, Oct. 17 — Lariat, Oct. 17 — New York Times, Oct. 15.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, Sep. 15 — Related Newsline story, June 9 — Related Newsline story, May 5 — Related Newsline story, Mar. 31.
Critics say decision is motivated by profit and will make a bad situation worse as gambling problems mushroom in times of economic trouble
LONDON
Search engine giant Google will relax its global ban on gambling ads in England, Scotland, and Wales.
Google, which sports “Don’t Be Evil” as its corporate motto, said that gambling firms licensed in the United Kingdom will be allowed to place targeted ads on pages that deliver search results, reports the Times of London.
Critics claim that the global credit crunch is behind Google’s decision to alter its ethics stance, according to the Times.
“The bottom line really is it’s a lot of money,” advertising expert Hannah Kimuiu told the Times. “The gambling advertising industry is probably worth £100 million [roughly $170 million] a year. A lot of advertisers have had to half [sic] their budgets in the past year. They’ve got to recover this money somewhere.”
Google will retain the ban on gambling ads in the rest of the world, and will continue to refuse all ads worldwide for firearms, fireworks, dubious medical treatments, and prostitution, according to a report from the U.K. Guardian.
Various members of Parliament and church leaders immediately attacked the decision as “irresponsible,” reports the London-based Independent. Critics say problems engendered by gambling are becoming worse in the foundering global economy.
The Church of England said that recent studies show a 25-percent increase in people seeking help with gambling problems.
Google says it made its decision in light of Britain’s tolerance of gambling-related enterprises, saying in a statement that it is attempting to “be as consistent as possible with local business practices,” reports the Independent.
Google has been at the center of several recent ethics issues, including controversies over a decision to comply with Chinese censorship laws, the intrusiveness of its “Street View” mapping function, and fears that its new online encyclopedia will create a conflict of interest by pointing to Google content.
Sources: Times of London, Oct. 17 — Independent, Oct. 17 — Telegraph, Oct. 16 — Guardian, Oct. 16.
For more information, see: Related Newsline story, June 23 — Related Newsline story, May 27 — Related Newsline story, Aug. 11 — Related Newsline story, May 21, 2007 — Related Newsline story, Sep. 11, 2006.
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